Steam power plant an overview sciencedirect topics. Retzlaff is a senior steam turbine product design engineer in ges power generation group. A compound turbine is a steam turbine in which there are two casings, a high pressure casing. This paper introduces the latest steam turbine technologies applied to this stateoftheart steam turbine including the complete. A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications. Ger3705 ge steam turbine design philosophy and technology. Jun 16, 2014 casing or shaft arrangements these arrangements include single casing, tandem compound and cross compound turbines. The two gas turbines adopted are mhis m501g type gas turbines, whereas the steam turbine is a tandem compound double flow exhaust type turbine that is designed. A steam turbine is an engine in which the thermal energy of the steam is converted into mechanical energy of rotation in steam turbine the energy of the steam is transferred into kinetic energy by expansion through nozzles, and the kinetic energy of the resulting jet is in turn converted into force doing work on rings of blades mounted on a rotating part. The high pressure turbine may then exhaust to an intermediate pressure turbine, or may pass back to a reheat section in the boiler before passing to a reheat intermediate. Unesco eolss sample chapters thermal power plants vol. The rotor is turned by steam impinging against attached vanes or blades on which it exerts a force in the tangential direction. Lastly there is the doubleflow turbine, which is typically used with lowpressure lp steam. When a steam power plant is designed, there is much scope for choice of steam conditions i.
Selection of steam data, cycle arrangement and type of engine. This manual does not for designing steam turbine and the related parts. Steam turbines for central power stations are divided as to the pressure and temperature of the steam they use, their output and so on into high, intermediate, and lowpressure turbines. The resulting usc steam turbine configuration for tpp is a condensing tandem compound singlereheat, 3,600rpm steam turbine generator set. A technical seminar report on working of steam turbines submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of bachelor of technology in mechanical engineering submitted by. Outwardly turbines of both types appear identical and, in. Oct 04, 2009 steam turbine use in a power plant a steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. He has worked in ges steam turbine design engineering organization for over twenty years. Pdf advanced steam turbine technology for unique double. The turbine with a number of cylinders on a single shaft is described as a tandem compound machine fig 1. For turbines driving electrical generators, the limit of a singlecylinder turbine is around 100 mw, depending on the design concepts, the initial steam conditions pressure and temperature, whether or not a reheat cycle is used, the exhaust conditions and the speed of rotation.
Its modern manifestation was invented by sir charles parsons in 1884. Steam turbines for thermal power plants up to 250 mw characteristics. Pressure compounding of an impulse turbine is the use of a number of stages of nozzle and blade to reduce progressively the steam pressure. Ger3646d steam turbines for large power applications. Turbines can be configured in a variety of casing and shaft arrangements. By utilizing a longer last stage blade lsb, a single flow turbine with axial exhaust is possible in comparison to a doubleflow turbine with downward exhaust.
The steam is partially expanded in the highpressure casing, then exhausted to the lowpressure casing. A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line. Toshiba designed mw tandem compound steam turbine for 3,600rpm, for the first in the world, as the result of assiduous development to improve the efficiency. At the exhaust end, these arms rest on a 1, formed by the low pressure turbine cylinder base. The main distinction is the manner in which the steam is expanded as it passes through the turbine. Siemens evolution of large usc steam turbines, 2nd workshop on advancedultrasupercritical coalfired power.
Application guide steam turbines d352219x012 august 20 steam turbines. In steam turbines, steam under high pressure is accelerated in nozzle shaped stationary blades to a high velocity. Steam turbine types steam turbine types based on blade geometry and energy conversion process are. Two or more simple impulse stages aligned in tandem. In the crosscompound case two separate generators are usually supplied, although a gearbox can reduce this to one. Cross compound steam turbine arrangement compounding is the splitting up, into two or more stages, of the steam pressure or velocity change through a turbine. The choice made will have a great effect on the energy efficiency of the plant and the costs of its construction. Prior to supplying steam to the turbine, the steam supply pipelines have to be drained and heated up. A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds. As well as there being two different types of steam turbines, there are also a number of different mechanical arrangements, these being cross compound, tandem and single casing.
This unit consists of a two cylinder, tandem compound, condensing turbine, designed for high operating efficiencies and maximum reliability. Cylinder and exhaust arrangements the steam turbine. Tandem compound large electric power generating turbines commonly have a high pressure casing, which receives superheated steam directly from the boiler or steam generator. What is generally found at the end of the low pressure turbine rotor of a cross compound turbine arrangement. Steam turbine a steam prime mover with rotary motion of the driving element, or rotor, and continuous operation. There are two types of modern steam turbines impulse turbine in this type of turbine the steam nozzles direct superheated steam at the buckets of rotor blades. Determining parameters of turbine s model using heat balance data of steam power unit for educational purposes. Pdf determining parameters of turbines model using heat. In case of turbines with cooling water preheating and lowpressure lp bypass, prior to supplying steam the regeneration and dumping systems have to be.
During the 45 years since then, it has produced about 140 units including those presently in production of newtype efficient steam. A dis cussion of the ge steam turbine offering for 2on1, f technology, gas turbine, combined cycle plants is the main focus of this paper, with emphasis placed on the structured d11 product the customers choice for delivery cycle, per formance, reliability, and availability. Most turbines are tandem compound where all turbine cylinders are linked by one shaft to drive a single generator. This paper introduces the latest steam turbine technologies applied to this state of theart steam turbine including the complete.
On this channel you can get education and knowledge for general issues and topics. Hitachi has developed a 1,000mw steam turbine of the crosscompound type for 50hz use, and has already developed technology applicable to tandemcompound 1,000mw steam turbines. A steam turbine uses a separate heat source and does not directly. Since then turbines based on these principles have evolved in parallel and in fact merged to some degree. Cross compound steam turbine arrangement for marine use. Steam turbine converts a part of energy of the steam at high. Development of tandemcompound 1,000mw steam turbine and. Classification of steam turbines power plant tutorials. The pressure of working medium used in steam turbines is very high, whereas the. The rotor arrangement can be either tandemcompound in which the two axles are joined end to end, or crosscompound in which the two turbines have separate axles.
The largest tandem compound steam turbines in the world. The basic thermodynamic cycle of a steam power plant is the rankine cycle, in which the. Ger 3945a steam turbines for ultrasupercritical power plants. Tandemcompound steamturbine system oxford reference. Purpose this manual can be used for preliminary selection, steam and cooling water planning for steam turbines in basic and detail engineering stages. In fact, tandem compound turbines have been designed having a total shaft length of almost 100 feet not counting the length of the generator. Steam turbine 5 128 steam turbines are one of the most versatile and oldest prime mover technologies still in general production. Steam turbines, turbine plant, turbine arrangement. This video will explain the inner workings of the steam turbines and why they are constructed the way they are in a step by step logical. Single casing configurations are the most basic style where a single. The rotor arrangement can be either tandem compound. Over the last 100 years, ge has manufactured and installed a worldwide fleet of steam turbines.
A compound turbine is a steam turbine in which there are two casings, a high pressure casing and a lowpressure casing, operating in concert to extract work from a single source of steam. Determining parameters of turbines model using heat balance data of steam power unit for educational purposes. Opposed flow hpip section the structured d11 steam turbine evolved from the opposedflow, hpip turbine with a doubleflow lp section, a design that has been structured steam turbines for the combinedcycle market ge power systems ger4201 0501 3. Therefore, for good efficiency the blade velocity should be about. The locomotive was only one application of compounding. As well as there being two different types of steam turbines, there are also a number of different mechanical arrangements, these being cross compound, tandem and single casing there are two types of modern steam turbines impulse turbine in this type of turbine the steam nozzles direct superheated steam at the buckets of rotor blades, the impact of this causes the rotor to rotate. Cross compound steam turbine arrangement for marine use compounding is the splitting up, into two or more stages, of the steam pressure or velocity change through a turbine. The number of lp opposedflow turbines varies based on size of the power plant.
Development of tandemcompound 1,000mw steam turbine. A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to. Steam turbines are the largest prime movers and thus the natural choice when utilizing a steam cycle to convert heat into work and ultimately electricity. The steam conditions with which it is intended to operate, the normal speed, and the maximum load, are given on the title of the instruction book. Steam turbines considered in the performance analyses include hp, ip, and lp sections configured in a tandemcompound arrangement, consisting of one hp, one ip, and opposedflow lp turbines. Some turbines have however been built as cross compound units where the cylinders are. Schofield ge company schenectady, ny introduction the need to provide stateoftheart products for a diverse and everchanging market is the chal lenge facing steam turbinegenerator manufactur ers in the 90s. Tandemcompound doublereheat supercritical steam turbine.
Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator. When there are two or more casings, the designs are designated as tandem compound all casings on the same shaft or cross compound casings on two or more shafts elliot, 1989. Schematic operation of a steam turbine generator system. Throughout the range of sizes and applications, doosan steam turbines reflect a consistent philosophy of design. Latest technologies and future prospects for a new steam turbine. Doosan produces steam turbines for both 50hz and 60hz applications with ranging 100 mw to 1,100 mw for fossilfueled reheat cycles and from 600 mw to 1,400 mw for nuclear applications. Steam turbines can be classified in a number of ways elliot, 1989. A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.
Our steam turbines equip 41% of the worlds combinedcycle plants, 30% of fossil power plants, and 50% of the worlds nuclear power plants. During the conversion process, heat is generated that has to be transferred to the environment. The steam turbine generators used today produce approximately 85%. Tandem compound, condensing turbine this cylinder is supported by four arms or lugs which are cast integrally at the top of the base, thus locating the point of support as closely as possible to the horizontal centerline. Some turbines have however been built as cross compound units where the cylinders are arranged on two shafts to drive twin generators. Exhaust steam exits the turbine from only one direction singleflow. Thus a steam turbine could be viewed as a complex series of windmilllike arrangements, all assembled on the same shaft. Laststage buckets historically, increases in steam turbine ratings have been accompanied by longer laststage buckets in order to maintain an economical unit size. Due to the second law of thermodynamics, this conversion is limited. Ger4201 structured steam turbines for the combined. They can be classified by cycle and steam conditions such as rankine cycle, rankine regenerative cycle, reheat cycle, condensing or noncondensing, and by the number and arrangement of turbine shaft shafts and casings. As well as there being two different types of steam turbines, there are also a number of different mechanical arrangements, these being cross compound, tandem and single casing there are two types of modern steam turbines impulse turbine in this type of turbine the steam nozzles direct superheated steam at the buckets of rotor blades, the. Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 4. Hitachi has developed a 1,000mw steam turbine of the cross compound type for 50hz use, and has already developed technology applicable to tandem compound 1,000mw steam turbines.
The total rated output of the plant is 1 251 mw at its transmitting end. A multicylinder steamturbine arrangement in which several machines running on the same shaft are connected in series to a generator. Reversed flow reversed flow arrangement is sometimes used in h. These configurations include single casing, tandem compound, and cross compound. In order for the steam to give up all its kinetic energy to the moving blades in an impulse turbine, it should leave the blades at zero absolute velocity. Multiflow and compound arrangements shaft with one generator tandemcompound turbines or utilizing two shafts, each with its own generator crosscompound turbines. These turbines are arranged in a single row in the tandem type tc type and in two rows in the crosscompound type cc type. Mar 12, 2018 learn easily about velocity compounding and pressure compounding of steam turbines. Condensation turbines are most frequently applied in electrical power generation. Steam turbine designs ive posted a few times before about steam turbines, here, here. Converts the potential energy of steam into thermal energy by increasing its pressure and directing it against the turbine blades. Three basic phases can be distinguished in the process of steam turbine unit start. A steam turbine consists of a rotor resting on bearings and enclosed in a cylindrical casing.
Toshiba is the leading player of supercritical steam turbines. This condition will exist if the blade velocity is equal to one half of the steam velocity. Number of shaft tandem compound most multicylinder turbines drive a single shaft and single generator. Latest technologies and future prospects for a new steam. Steam turbines for thermal power plants up to 250 mw. Of these two general types of steam turbines, the tandem compound design results in far greater length than does a cross compound design of the same capacity. The 400, 600, and 900mw plants were simulated with two. The steam turbine and governor block implements a complete tandem compound steam prime mover, including a speed governing system, a fourstage steam turbine, and a shaft with up to four masses. Prior to assuming his present position, klaus was a technical leader in. Steam turbine article about steam turbine by the free. Steam power plants are primarily designed to change chemical energy into electric energy. Other articles where tandem compound turbine is discussed. Compared to the conventional the tenonshroud structure, the tip leakage are.
The overall steam turbine generator arrangement of a power plant is designated as tandemcompound or crosscompound on the basis of the shaft orientation. Steam turbine free download as powerpoint presentation. The principle of operation of a turbine is that steam is directed by rings of fixed blades. Ruegger ge power systems schenectady, ny introduction the history of steam turbine development can be described as an evolutionary advancement toward greater power density and efficiency. Ger3945a steam turbines for ultrasupercritical power.
Two and three stages were used in ships, for example. A multicylinder steamturbine arrangement in which several machines running on the same shaft are connected. A typical arrangement for a compound engine is that the steam is first expanded in a highpressure hp cylinder, then having given up heat and losing pressure, it exhausts directly into one or more largervolume lowpressure lp cylinders. The speed governing system consists of a proportional regulator, a speed relay, and a servomotor controlling the gate opening. Similar to the opposed flow arrangement, the desire is to minimize thrust. This is the practice for process steam applications.
Power generation using steam turbines has been in use for about 100 years due to higher efficiencies and lower costs. Our highly reliable and efficient steam turbines have undergone strict inhouse testing and quality management procedures to meet the. A compound locomotive is a steam locomotive which is powered by a compound engine, a type of steam engine where steam is expanded in two or more stages. A tandem compound steam turbine configuration is where two or more casings are. Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small turbines used to generate electricity.
The principles of correct conducting startups have been developed over the longterm operation of steam turbines and contain experience of turbine designers, constructors and operators. The other main type is the cross compound machine fig 1. Introducing the latest combined cycle power plant with g. The arrangement may be single casing, tandem compound or cross compound turbines. The steam connections and the auxiliary systems are. Steam turbines may be classified into different categories depending on their construction, working pressures, size and many other parameters. Steam turbines considered in the performance analyses include hp, ip, and lp sections configured in a tandem compound arrangement, consisting of one hp, one ip, and opposedflow lp turbines. Before joining ge, klaus worked in germany for two german steam turbine suppliers. Two types of modern steam turbines and their mechanical. Steam turbine 11 128 a typical 500 mw class steam turbine turbine parameters values manufacturer ge type tandem compound opposed flow, reheat turbine with two double flow lp turbines number of stages 18 657 steam conditions 2400 psig f f condenser pressure 1 in.
We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. Approach to high efficiency diesel and gas engines pdf. A compound steam engine unit is a type of steam engine where steam is expanded in two or more stages. Purposein thermal power plants, the primary purpose of a surface condenser is to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency and also to convert the turbine exhaust steam into pure water referred to as steam condensate so that it may be reused in the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water. The steam then impinges upon moving blades which are driven at speed and. The rotor arrangement can be either tandemcompound in which the two axles are joined. Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator. These configurations include single casing, tandem compound, and cross compound turbines. Reaction turbine blading and conditions figure 3 shows, at the top.
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